Tropical Stonewall

On May 11, Cuba’s LGBTQI community took to the streets of Havana for the island’s annual gay pride parade, despite the government’s ban. But, in responding to protestors with its usual counteroffensive, the state was met with a sort of tropical Stonewall.

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[EnglishArticle] Under authoritarian regimes, when the government maintains absolute control over institutions, politics take form in the most different citizen-led ways. In countries like Russia, Turkey, Nicaragua and Egypt, where electoral channels have been blocked, citizens mobilize in favor of specific causes—habitat preservation and the environment, consumer protection and animal rights, insecurity, and gender equality—against bureaucracies that are incapable, or unwilling, to provide effective and inclusive public policies. This is because autocrats—accustomed to “watch and punish,” fond of conspiring against the freedom of others, opposed to any form of self organization—can’t, don’t know, or don’t want to understand the autonomy of citizens to organize and have their own will—elements essential for an effective civil society.

The characteristic phobia of the Cuban State to all-things-independent suffered a misstep last Saturday, May 11, when it clashed with the active and ever-growing diversity of Cuban society. About 300 members of the LGBTQI community, activists and supporters alike, marched from Havana’s Central Park, crossing the Paseo del Prado, waving both the Cuban and Rainbow flags. Chanting “Cuba diversa” (“diverse Cuba”) and “Si se pudo” (“yes we did”), the demonstration was a response to the cancellation of the “Conga contra la homofobia” march traditionally organized by the National Center of Sexual Education, a public institution directed by Mariela Castro, daughter of former president and current Communist party leader, Raúl Castro.

The Saturday protest was the first mass, independent demonstration in Cuba in recent decades. The march was interrupted by police and plain-clothed security agents at the Malecón at the end of the avenue, who claimed the activity wasn’t authorized. The dominant narrative of the international left, while traditionally loyal to Havana, was for once critical of the government reaction. La Jornada and The Guardian, among other media, provided exhaustive coverage of the situation, and included references to the crackdown.

The first article of the recently updated Cuban constitution identifies the state as “a democratic, independent and sovereign State, socialist by law and for social justice, organized by all and for the good of all, as an indivisible and unitary republic, founded on labor, dignity, humanism, and ethic [of its citizens] for the enjoyment of liberty, equity, justice, and equality, solidarity, and individual and collective well-being and prosperity.” And yet, the exercise of these rights is capriciously administered by those who routinely disavow any public demonstration that hasn’t been organized or directed by a government institution. Examples include an initiative for the protection of animals that took place a few weeks ago, resulting in the expulsion of the officer who authorized the marchand the complete government control over artistic performances in the streets. “Everything within the state, nothing outside the state” is the vertical, hierarchical and monopolistic logic of the tropical, castrista Leviathan.

Unaccustomed to challenges to its hegemony, the Cuban State has launched a counteroffensive to try and rewrite the memory of May 11. It has been imposing the narrative of foreign conspiracy, pursuing imaginary leaders, and seeking to terminate future initiatives. But the truth is that the authentic Cuban LGBT movement was born that day, or at least that’s the talk of the town. It’s likely that the movement’s maturity will be tested in days to come. For now, they’ve made history with this sort of tropical Stonewall.

Armando Chaguaceda is a political scientist, historian and professor at The University of Guanajuato.

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Bajo regímenes autoritarios, cuando las arenas institucionales se cierran, lo político encarna en los formatos cívicos más disímiles. En Rusia y en Turquía, en Nicaragua y Egipto, bloqueados los canales partidistas y electorales, los ciudadanos se movilizan por causas específicas—hábitat y medioambiente, protección a consumidores y derechos de los animales, inseguridad y agendas de género—frente a burocracias insensibles, incapaces de rendir cuentas y ofrecer políticas públicas eficaces e inclusivas. Y es que los autócratas—tan acostumbrados a “vigilar y castigar”, tan aficionados a conspirar contra la libertad ajena, tan descreídos de cualquier forma de (auto)organización—no pueden, no saben y no quieren comprender la autonomía cívica, inherente a cualquier sociedad civil digna de ese nombre.

La autonomofobia característica del Estado cubano sufrió el pasado sabado 11 de mayo un traspiés, al chocar con la diversidad, activa y creciente, de la sociedad cubana. Alrededor de 300 miembros de la comunidad LGBTTI, activistas y simpatizantes, portando banderas cubanas y del arcoíris, marcharon desde el Parque Central habanero, atravesando el Paseo del Prado. Exclamando “Cuba diversa” y “Sí se pudo”, la demostración respondía a la cancelación de la “Conga contra la homofobia”, tradicionalmente organizada por el paraestatal Centro Nacional de Educación Sexual, dirigido por Mariela Castro, hija del anterior presidente y actual dirigente máximo del Partido Comunista, Raúl Castro.

Se trató de la primera manifestación independiente multitudinaria en Cuba en las últimas décadas. La marcha fue interrumpida en Malecón, al final de la avenida, por policías y agentes vestidos de civil, argumentando que la actividad no estaba autorizada. La narrativa dominante de la izquierda internacional, tradicionalmente leal a la Habana, sostuvo una cobertura crítica de los hechos. La Jornada y The Guardian, entre otros medios, narraron los acontecimientos con una cobertura exhaustiva, que incluyó la referencia a los incidentes represivos.

El artículo primero de la Constitución recientemente aprobada identifica al Estado cubano como  “socialista de derecho y justicia social, democrático, independiente y soberano, organizado con todos y para el bien de todos como república unitaria e indivisible, fundada en el trabajo, la dignidad, el humanismo y la ética de sus ciudadanos para el disfrute de la libertad, la equidad, la igualdad, la solidaridad, el bienestar y la prosperidad individual y colectiva”. Sin embargo, el ejercicio de esos derechos es caprichosamente administrado por quienes como regla desautorizan cualquier manifestación pública que no provenga de las orientaciones e instituciones estatales. De igual si se trata de una iniciativa para la protección de animales—como ocurrió semanas atrás, con el saldo de la expulsión del funcionario que autorizó la marcha—como si hablamos de performances artísticos. Dentro del Estado todo, fuera del Estado nada, es la lógica verticalista, jerárquica y monopólica del Leviatán tropical.

Acostumbrado a no aceptar desafíos a su hegemonía, el Estado cubano ha lanzado una contraofensiva para intentar reescribir la memoria del pasado 11 de mayo. Imponiendo la narrativa de la conspiración foránea, persiguiendo líderes imaginarios, buscando abortar iniciativas futuras. Dicen  que el auténtico movimiento LGBT cubano nació ese día. No lo sé. Pero creo que su adultez se probará ante lo que viene. Por ahora, ya hicieron historia en esa suerte de Stonewall tropical.

Armando Chaguaceda es politólogo, historiador y profesor de la Universidad de Guanajuato.

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