Why Latin America shouldn’t pull its punches with Trump

The importance of the liberal world order for Latin America is too great for the region to sit back and allow the Trump administration to damage it. It is time to step up and defend it.

Author

  • Guy Edwards

    Guy Edwards is an independent consultant focusing on climate change, geopolitics and Latin America. He was previously a senior consultant in the Climate Change Division at the Inter-American Development Bank. Prior to that, he was a research fellow at the Institute at Brown for Environment and Society and co-director of the Climate and Development Laboratory at Brown University. He is the co-author of the book, A Fragmented Continent: Latin America and Global Climate Change Policies (MIT Press 2015). His work has been published by Climate Policy, Brookings Institution, The New York Times, Washington Post, Project Syndicate, Americas Quarterly, Chatham House and The Guardian. From 2009-2010, he was the resident manager of the award winning Huaorani Ecolodge in the Ecuadorian Amazon. He has a Master’s Degree in Latin American Studies from the University of London.

[EnglishArticle]Written with Isabel Cavelier, senior adviser at Mission2020, and co-founder and co-director of Transforma.

Now is the time for Latin America to step up when the current U.S. administration of President Donald J. Trump threatens the region’s interests.  There’s already a lot at stake with trade and immigration.  A passive or conciliatory approach on these issues and others risks undermining Latin American countries’ interests and sabotaging progress on global challenges on everything from environment to prosperity and security.

The region’s priorities are based on generating prosperity and ensuring security for its citizens. Improving Latin America’s integration into global markets, attracting investment and forging trade deals are among the chief elements for that progress.

The global keystones for building prosperity are the region’s commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement.

On both of these issues, Latin America and the United States are drifting apart. This year President Trump announced the U.S.’s exit from the Trans-Pacific Partnership and his plans to abandon the Paris Agreement. Both decisions were met with disappointment in Latin America. But the reaction deserves more than disillusionment with the lack of U.S. global leadership; it demands collective pushback.

The Trump administration’s decision to leave the world’s principal lifeline for combating climate change provides a raw look at “America First” in action. The Paris accord is one of the only recent success stories of multilateralism and demonstrates why the liberal world order is essential for promoting Latin America’s interests, given its extreme vulnerability to climate change impacts, such as more intense and frequent floods and droughts.

The Trump administration’s transactional view of international relations risks undermining this order. President Trump’s worldview reveals a schism between his administration’s willingness to act unilaterally and Latin America’s collective commitment and interest in upholding core global responsibilities.  In Latin America, the majority of countries support multilateralism and the protection of a rules-based liberal world order.

The Trump administration is sending mixed signals, which suggest that core commitment for even positive initiatives is weak and potentially ephemeral. For the moment, President Trump’s bark appears worse than his bite. On Cuba, NAFTA and the border wall, he has talked tough but has toned down some of his actions. However, the president has on numerous—including recent—occasions threatened to withdraw from NAFTA as the second round of negotiations got underway, and cause a government shutdown if funding for the border wall is not approved by Congress. In short, his positions could change on a dime even on relatively consensus-based policy issues. The president’s unpredictability remains a serious test to both allies and adversaries.

The close economic, trade and cultural ties between Latin America and the U.S. leaves the region with few options.

But Latin America is no longer boxed in under the U.S.’s shadow. Over the past decade, Latin American governments have demonstrated an increasingly independent foreign policy, as its deepening relationship with China shows.

The multipolar world presents new opportunities for Latin American countries to exercise their diplomatic clout. As power diffuses through the global system, developing countries are challenging the status quo and questioning the dominant norms of the geopolitical system to reflect their own interests and values. This was impressively on display in 2015, as many Latin American countries played outsize roles in the UN negotiations to adopt the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement.

Latin America could assertively protect and bolster the liberal world order that underpins its interests. Failure to defend and strengthen that order with allies in the U.S. and also countries in Europe, Canada and Asia will prove far more costly to the region and other parts of the world.

Latin America can and even should be bold with the U.S. by proactively pursuing its interests on sustainable development and climate change with the federal government and U.S. states and by cooperating with other allies in other regions. This difficult balancing act requires a clear strategy, shrewd tactics and composure. Countries can prevail if they resist putting short-term economic gains above longer-term interests.

Latin American governments can leverage their allies and interests with the U.S. to increasingly become a decision influencer rather than a decision taker on major issues that directly affect its interests. Failing to do so will only mean the region could slip further in the U.S.’s respect and calculations.  An emphasis on constructive and candid discussions that link climate change and sustainable development to other U.S. priorities such as security, immigration, and economic and financial stability could get the Trump administration’s attention.

Latin American countries can advance these agendas with the U.S. and other allies in various ways. They could focus on U.S. sub-national actors including state and local government and the private sector, which are increasingly active following the announcement to leave the Paris accord.  Countries could cooperate with the America’s Pledge campaign, which includes 227 cities and counties, nine states and around 1,650 businesses and investors united with the aim of fulfilling the U.S.’s pledge under the Paris Agreement to reduce its emissions.

Mexico could ramp up its cooperation with California, where the state legislature is considering a bill that would push for the state to obtain all of its electricity from renewable sources by 2045. This cooperation can build on the joint goal announced in 2016 by the U.S., Mexico and Canada which agreed to achieving 50% of North America’s electricity from renewables by 2025.

The region can also lobby U.S. lawmakers to water down proposed cuts to development assistance. A leaked State Department memo says that Foggy Bottom anticipates continuing support for developing countries’ activities related to climate change where mutually beneficial to U.S. goals. Climate change impacts in Central America and Mexico are driving immigration flows as people abandon the countryside and head north. Countries could make the case for linking their climate and development agendas with their U.S. counterparts where they may find a more receptive audience than expected.

In 2018, Argentina will host the G20 Leaders’ Summit. There is a risk that Argentina may downplay climate change in the summit agenda to placate the U.S. Rather, President Macri should combine his focus for the G20 on jobs and investment with the transition to a low carbon economy focusing on the promotion of renewable energy and low carbon agriculture. This framing would resonate strongly with European G20 nations, China, U.S. sub-national actors and the Multilateral Development Banks.

Next month’s EU and Latin America and the Caribbean summit in El Salvador also provides an ideal moment for the region to advance progress on the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals with its allies.

Latin America can play a significant role in defending the liberal world order. Whether it will depends on its willingness to push its interests with the Trump administration. Backing down prematurely or allowing tough issues to be jettisoned is not an option if the region wants to advance its interests.

Guy Edwards is research fellow and co-director of the Climate and Development Lab at Brown University.

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Escrito con Isabel Cavelier Adarve, asesora principal de Mission2020, y co-fundadora y co-directora de Transforma.

América Latina no debe colgar los guantes con la administración Trump. Aunque hay asuntos críticos para la región en las relaciones con la Casa Blanca como el comercio o la inmigración, con un enfoque pasivo o conciliador se corre el riesgo de socavar los intereses de los países latinoamericanos y de sabotear el progreso alcanzado en asuntos globales que van desde el medio ambiente, hasta la prosperidad y la seguridad.

Entre las prioridades del continente latinoamericano están el generar prosperidad y garantizar la seguridad de sus ciudadanos. Mejorar la integración de la región en los mercados globales, atraer inversión extranjera y forjar acuerdos comerciales son considerados elementos esenciales para impulsar el progreso. En parte por ello, la región ha demostrado estar comprometida con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sustentable de las Naciones Unidas, así como con el Acuerdo de París.

Justamente en estos temas América Latina y Estados Unidos se distancian cada vez más. Este año, la Casa Blanca anunció la salida de Estados Unidos del Acuerdo Transpacífico (TPP) y del Acuerdo de París. Ambas decisiones fueron recibidas con decepción en la región. Pero la reacción merece más que una desilusión; exige una acción colectiva.

El acuerdo de París es uno de los pocos y recientes éxitos del multilateralismo. Demuestra por qué un orden mundial abierto y basado en el multilateralismo es esencial para promover los intereses de América Latina, dada su extrema vulnerabilidad ante los impactos del cambio climático, incluyendo las intensas inundaciones y sequías que afectan el continente cada vez con más frecuencia.

Las que envía la administración Trump sugieren que su compromiso, incluso con iniciativas que considera positivas,  es débil y potencialmente efímero. Al parecer es un “perro que ladra y no muerde”. En cuanto a Cuba, el TLCAN y el muro fronterizo, el presidente Trump ha hablado con dureza, pero ha atenuado algunas de sus acciones. La posición de la Casa Blanca podría cambiar rápidamente en asuntos de consenso relativo, que ilustran cómo su imprevisibilidad representa un enorme reto tanto para los aliados como para los adversarios del país norteamericano.

Los estrechos lazos económicos, comerciales y culturales que existen entre América Latina y los Estados Unidos limitan el espacio para actuar. Pero la realidad es que América Latina ya no vive bajo la sombra del gigante norteamericano. Durante la última década la región ha demostrado conducir una política exterior cada vez más independiente.

La composición multipolar del mundo actual presenta nuevas oportunidades para que los países latinoamericanos puedan ejercer una mayor influencia diplomática. A medida que el poder se difumina a través del sistema global, los países en desarrollo cuestionan las normas dominantes del sistema geopolítico actual para reflejar sus propios intereses y valores. Esto quedó claro en 2015, cuando muchos países latinoamericanos desempeñaron un papel destacado en las Naciones Unidas para asegurar la adopción de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible y el Acuerdo de París.

América Latina está en una posición donde podría proteger y reforzar, de manera asertiva, el orden mundial liberal actual, para proteger sus propios intereses. El costo de no defender y fortalecer este orden, con aliados al interior de los EEUU, en Europa, Canadá y Asia, resultaría mucho más alto para la propia América Latina.

La región podría ser audaz con los Estados Unidos, persiguiendo proactivamente sus intereses en materia de desarrollo sostenible y el cambio climático. Lo contrario demostraría una debilidad que la Casa Blanca estará lista a aprovechar. Vincular estos dos asuntos con temas de mucho interés para el actual gobierno republicano, como la seguridad, la inmigración y la estabilidad económica y financiera, es una alternativa que puede contribuir a mantenerlos en la agenda.

La región podría también presionar a los legisladores estadounidenses para reducir los recortes presupuestales a la asistencia para el desarrollo. Un memorando filtrado, proveniente del Departamento de Estado, anticipa que el gobierno estadounidense seguirá apoyando iniciativas de cambio climático en países donde se beneficien mutuamente los objetivos de Estados Unidos. Los impactos del cambio climático en América Latina están generando una mayor ola de migración, a medida que la gente abandona el campo y se dirige hacia el norte. La región puede usar argumentos para vincular su agenda climática y de desarrollo con los Estados Unidos, encontrando en estos espacios a un público más receptivo.

América Latina también podría cooperar con la campaña “Compromiso con América” que abarca 227 ciudades y condados, nueve estados y alrededor de 1,650 negocios e inversionistas, que se han unido con el objetivo de cumplir la promesa de reducir emisiones, compromiso adquirido por Estados Unidos bajo el Acuerdo de París.

Existe el riesgo de que la Argentina, como presidenta del G20 en 2018, minimice la importancia del cambio climático en la agenda de la cumbre para aplacar a los Estados Unidos. En cambio, el Presidente Macri podría enfocar la agenda del G20 hacia una combinación de temas como empleo e inversión, y la transición hacia una economía baja en carbono y centrada en la promoción de energías renovables. Dicha propuesta resonaría fuertemente con los países europeos del G20, China y los Bancos Multilaterales de Desarrollo.

América Latina puede desempeñar un papel de liderazgo en la defensa del orden mundial basado en el multilateralismo y el respeto por el derecho internacional. Ello dependerá de su voluntad  para elevar sus prioridades en la discusión con los Estados Unidos. Dar marcha atrás en la senda para enfrentar los retos globales del presente no es una opción si la región desea promover sus intereses y mitigar sus vulnerabilidades.

Guy Edwards es investigador y co-director del Laboratorio de Clima y Desarrollo de la Universidad de Brown.

 

 

 

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